
Comments closed October 5 · decided
Stop the emergency Roby logging and burning plan on 49,431 Black Hills acres
U.S. Forest Service · Black Hills National Forest, SD
- What
- Using emergency wildfire authority, the Forest Service proposes commercial logging on 9,677 acres and burning up to 46,073 acres of the 49,431-acre Roby project area without analyzing a full range of alternatives.
- Where
- Black Hills National Forest, SD, WY
- How much
- 49,431 acres total, 46,844 acres NFS total project area vs. National Forest System land; up to 9,677 acres commercial timber harvest proposed; up to 46,073 acres prescribed broadcast burning proposed
- Decided
- Comments closed October 5, 2026. The decision is on file: RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed. Open it ↗Date from Forest Service comment page (CARA) ↗, read September 4, 2026.
Where these four lines come from
- WhatOur plain-English read of the Forest Service project page ↗. Check it against the agency’s own words under Case.
- WhereThe places and states the project page names, as PLAN read them.
- 49,431 acres total, 46,844 acres NFS“It includes 49,431 acres of land on the Hell Canyon Ranger District, including 46,844 acres of National Forest System (NFS) land” General Location of Proposal Open the document ↗
- up to 9,677 acres“Commercial timber harvest is proposed on up to 9,677 acres.” Summary of Proposed Action Open the document ↗
- up to 46,073 acres“Prescribed broadcast burning is proposed on up to 46,073 acres throughout the project area” Fuel Reduction Open the document ↗
- DecidedOctober 5, 2026, from Forest Service comment page (CARA), its “comments are requested through” date ↗. Read September 4, 2026. The decision document is the one on file in PLAN’s record.
- Read from PLAN’s record November 9, 2026.
What the proposal said, and what the decision did
Acres of work that may include commercial harvest
Proposed
up to 39,059 acresDecided
up to 39,059 acres
Unreviewed · Source: Decision notice, RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗
Did the agency answer?
PLAN found 10 issues in the agency’s analysis.
Each issue against the decision, unreviewed
PLAN’s match, not yet checked by a personThe agency admits that soil disturbance monitoring has not occurred recently in the project area, meaning there is no current baseline data on existing detrimental soil disturbance, yet the EA still concludes that combined past and proposed activities will not approach the Forest Plan's 15 percent detrimental disturbance threshold.
The agency admits that soil disturbance monitoring has not occurred recently in the project area, meaning there is no current baseline data on existing detrimental soil disturbance, yet the EA still concludes that combined past and proposed activities will not approach the Forest Plan's 15 percent detrimental disturbance threshold.
The agency should conduct current soil disturbance monitoring before finalizing this determination or explain what data actually supports the no-threshold-exceedance conclusion in the absence of recent monitoring.
A hole PLAN found in the agency’s own analysis
“Because the proposed action includes design criteria protecting soil health and would be implemented consistent with Forest Plan standards and best management practices, it would not result in loss of long-term soil productivity or exceed regulatory thresholds.”
The agency’s own words, RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗, Soil Productivity · PLAN’s match, unchecked
PLAN’s match, not yet checked by a personThe agency's own Table 22 shows that habitat structural stages 4A and 4B, which together make up the majority of pine acreage in both Management Areas 5.1 and 5.4, would move further away from Forest Plan objectives under the proposed action, not closer, directly undercutting the EA's narrative that the project produces broadly beneficial structural outcomes.
The agency's own Table 22 shows that habitat structural stages 4A and 4B, which together make up the majority of pine acreage in both Management Areas 5.1 and 5.4, would move further away from Forest Plan objectives under the proposed action, not closer, directly undercutting the EA's narrative that the project produces broadly beneficial structural outcomes.
The agency should directly reconcile this admitted divergence from Forest Plan objectives with its overall beneficial-effects conclusion and disclose whether the project is consistent with the Forest Plan's structural stage direction.
A hole PLAN found in the agency’s own analysis
“The proposed action would cause most structural stages to move toward objectives or result in no change. The following stages would move further from objectives: • 2, 3A, and 3B (in Management Area MA 5.1) • 4A and 4B (in both Management Areas)”
The agency’s own words, RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗, Forest Structure · PLAN’s match, unchecked, an answer in part
PLAN’s match, not yet checked by a personThe biological assessment reaches a 'may affect, likely to adversely affect' determination for the northern long-eared bat, a federally threatened species, citing potential loss of roost trees, alteration of roost areas, and disruption of hibernation, yet the EA proceeds toward a finding of no significant impact without a detailed public discussion of how this adverse determination squares with that conclusion.
The biological assessment reaches a 'may affect, likely to adversely affect' determination for the northern long-eared bat, a federally threatened species, citing potential loss of roost trees, alteration of roost areas, and disruption of hibernation, yet the EA proceeds toward a finding of no significant impact without a detailed public discussion of how this adverse determination squares with that conclusion.
The agency should disclose the full biological opinion analysis and explain how a likely-adverse-effect finding for a threatened species is consistent with a finding of no significant impact.
A hole PLAN found in the agency’s own analysis
“On June 9, 2026, the Forest Service requested Endangered Species Act section 7 consultation using expedited procedures. Section 7 implementing regulations include a consultation process to address emergencies and the need to consult on discretionary federal actions in an expedited manner (50 CFR 402.05).”
The agency’s own words, RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗, Endangered Species Act · PLAN’s match, unchecked, an answer in part
PLAN’s match, not yet checked by a personThe agency's own weed analysis projects that under the proposed action, priority weed infestation could expand at up to 14 percent per year compared with 8 percent under no action, and non-priority weed species could reach as many as 4,400 acres, yet the EA concludes this is outweighed by fire-hazard benefits without quantifying the ecological cost of a potential 4,400-acre weed footprint.
The agency's own weed analysis projects that under the proposed action, priority weed infestation could expand at up to 14 percent per year compared with 8 percent under no action, and non-priority weed species could reach as many as 4,400 acres, yet the EA concludes this is outweighed by fire-hazard benefits without quantifying the ecological cost of a potential 4,400-acre weed footprint.
The agency should analyze the 4,400-acre non-priority weed projection in the same detail given to fire hazard and disclose monitoring commitments to verify it does not occur.
A hole PLAN found in the agency’s own analysis
“Non-priority species could increase to as many as 4,400 acres. While any increase in weed infestation is undesirable, the proposed action may also prevent much larger infestations in the future that could occur following severe wildfire.”
The agency’s own words, RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗, Non-native Invasive Plants · PLAN’s match, unchecked, an answer in part
PLAN’s match, not yet checked by a personOutside the four known active goshawk nest area stands, which receive no commercial harvest, the agency's own wildlife analysis states that the proposed action would further decrease potential nesting habitat and retain few stands that could provide near-future habitat if existing habitat is lost, and that this could result in displacement of goshawks or reduced breeding success.
Outside the four known active goshawk nest area stands, which receive no commercial harvest, the agency's own wildlife analysis states that the proposed action would further decrease potential nesting habitat and retain few stands that could provide near-future habitat if existing habitat is lost, and that this could result in displacement of goshawks or reduced breeding success.
The agency should analyze the cumulative effect of this habitat reduction on goshawk population viability across the project area rather than limiting mitigation to currently known, already-active territories.
A hole PLAN found in the agency’s own analysis
“Outside of the known, existing nest area stands, the proposed action would further decrease potential nesting habitat and retain few stands that could provide near-future preferred habitat in the event of loss of existing habitat. This could result in displacement of goshawks or reduced breeding success.”
The agency’s own words, RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗, Wildlife Species and Habitat · PLAN’s match, unchecked, an answer in part
PLAN’s match, not yet checked by a personThe agency's Culmination of Mean Annual Increment determination, which is used to justify which stands are mature enough for final removal harvest under 16 USC 1604(m), relies on stand age as a proxy specifically because the agency lacks limited recent stand inventory data, rather than on current growth measurements.
The agency's Culmination of Mean Annual Increment determination, which is used to justify which stands are mature enough for final removal harvest under 16 USC 1604(m), relies on stand age as a proxy specifically because the agency lacks limited recent stand inventory data, rather than on current growth measurements.
The agency should collect and disclose current stand inventory data supporting the CMAI determination rather than relying on an age-based proxy for a legally mandated growth calculation.
A hole PLAN found in the agency’s own analysis
“Due to limited recent stand inventory data, stand age is used as a proxy; all stands 120 years or older are assumed to have reached CMAI (per USDA Forest Service (1996), Appendix B-21), ensuring that final removal harvests are restricted to mature stands rather than younger, rapidly growing ones. Field verification confirmed stand age.”
The agency’s own words, RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗, National Forest Management Act · PLAN’s match, unchecked
PLAN’s match, not yet checked by a personBecause this project was authorized as an emergency action, it is exempt from the standard pre-decisional objection process under 36 CFR 218, and the EA itself states that the duration and format of the public comment period is not prescribed, leaving the public without a defined window or a formal objection mechanism to challenge the decision before it is finalized.
Because this project was authorized as an emergency action, it is exempt from the standard pre-decisional objection process under 36 CFR 218, and the EA itself states that the duration and format of the public comment period is not prescribed, leaving the public without a defined window or a formal objection mechanism to challenge the decision before it is finalized.
The agency should voluntarily commit to a defined, adequate comment period and a mechanism for the public to formally challenge findings before signature.
A hole PLAN found in the agency’s own analysis
“the duration and format of the public comment period is not prescribed. The public was provided an opportunity to comment on the preliminary Roby project EA in September 2026.”
The agency’s own words, RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗, Emergency Action Determination · PLAN’s match, unchecked
PLAN’s match, not yet checked by a personSection 106 inventory and consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office have been completed only for the northern part of the project area; the agency states that inventory and consultation for the remainder of the project area are still ongoing at the time this EA was released.
Section 106 inventory and consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office have been completed only for the northern part of the project area; the agency states that inventory and consultation for the remainder of the project area are still ongoing at the time this EA was released.
The agency should complete cultural resource inventory and tribal consultation for the full project area, including the southern portion, and disclose findings publicly before finalizing this decision, rather than deferring completion to the implementation phase.
A hole PLAN found in the agency’s own analysis
“Inventory is in progress in the southern part of the project area. Implementation of this project will not occur until inventory and Section 106 consultation are complete.”
The agency’s own words, RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗, National Historic Preservation Act – Section 106 Review · PLAN’s match, unchecked
PLAN’s match, not yet checked by a personThe agency used emergency authority under the 2022 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to limit this EA to only a proposed action and a no-action baseline, so no full range of action alternatives that might reduce logging, road building, or burning intensity was ever developed or compared.
The agency used emergency authority under the 2022 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to limit this EA to only a proposed action and a no-action baseline, so no full range of action alternatives that might reduce logging, road building, or burning intensity was ever developed or compared.
The document itself admits this was a choice made possible by the emergency designation, not a finding that no reasonable alternatives existed. The agency should prepare or analyze a genuine range of action alternatives, or explain in detail why no alternative between full build-out and no action was feasible for a 46,844-acre National Forest project.
A hole PLAN found in the agency’s own analysis
“Proposals receiving an Emergency Action Determination authorization (p. 1) and analyzed in an environmental assessment are only required to include a proposed agency action and the alternative of taking no action. Therefore, no action alternatives to the proposed action have been analyzed in detail.”
The agency’s own words, RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗, Alternatives to the Proposed Action · PLAN’s match, unchecked
PLAN’s match, not yet checked by a personFor Executive Order 13186 on migratory birds, the EA states in a single sentence that the analysis determined no measurable negative effect on migratory bird populations, without presenting the supporting analysis, despite the project proposing broadcast burning on up to 46,073 acres and commercial harvest on up to 9,677 acres across pine, meadow, riparian, and shrubland habitats used by many bird species.
For Executive Order 13186 on migratory birds, the EA states in a single sentence that the analysis determined no measurable negative effect on migratory bird populations, without presenting the supporting analysis, despite the project proposing broadcast burning on up to 46,073 acres and commercial harvest on up to 9,677 acres across pine, meadow, riparian, and shrubland habitats used by many bird species.
The agency should disclose the underlying migratory bird analysis and species-specific effects rather than stating a bare conclusion.
A hole PLAN found in the agency’s own analysis
“EO 13186, Migratory Birds – identify actions that may have a measurable negative effect on migratory bird populations. The analysis determined that the proposed action would not have measurable negative effects on migratory bird populations.”
The agency’s own words, RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗, Relevant Executive Orders · PLAN’s match, unchecked, an answer in part
Affects public lands
Using emergency wildfire authority, the Forest Service proposes commercial logging on 9,677 acres and burning up to 46,073 acres of the 49,431-acre Roby project area without analyzing a full range of alternatives.
What’s at risk
If this goes through
Our plain-English read of the official notice ↗. Check it against the agency’s own words below.
By the numbers, from the agency’s own document
- Total project area vs. National Forest System land
General Location of Proposal
Open the document ↗“It includes 49,431 acres of land on the Hell Canyon Ranger District, including 46,844 acres of National Forest System (NFS) land”
- Commercial timber harvest proposed
Summary of Proposed Action
Open the document ↗“Commercial timber harvest is proposed on up to 9,677 acres.”
- Prescribed broadcast burning proposed
Fuel Reduction
Open the document ↗“Prescribed broadcast burning is proposed on up to 46,073 acres throughout the project area”
- New and reconstructed roads for timber access
Summary of Proposed Action
Open the document ↗“approximately one-half mile of new permanent road would be constructed. Reconstruction of 20 miles of roads would also occur”
- Public motorized-use road miles, before vs. after
Transportation System
Open the document ↗“reduce the total mileage of roads in the project area open to public motorized use from approximately 118 miles to 102 to 108 miles”
- Priority weed acreage projected after 5 years
Non-native Invasive Plants
Open the document ↗“after five years the total could be as high as 56 acres”
Source: the agency’s document ↗
The agency’s case, tested
What the agency argues, and whether its own record backs it
- 3
- Hold up
- 3
- Not fully backed
- 2
- Never analyzed
The Forest Service proposes commercial timber harvest on up to 9,677 acres, thinning and conifer removal on tens of thousands more, prescribed burning on up to 46,073 acres, and road building, repair and closures west of Custer, South Dakota. It says this will cut fire hazard, boost timber production as federal direction requires, and restore riparian areas, meadows, a research natural area and roads.
“The proposed action would result in beneficial effects by proactively managing the landscape to increase resilience and safety.”
Discussion
EffectsNot fully backedSoil disturbance won't exceed the Forest Plan's 15 percent limit or cause long-term loss of soil productivity.
The agency says almost all soils rate high for restoration potential, there are no known areas of concern, and operations would occur on dry or frozen soils with slash mats on steep slopes. It also cites Black Hills monitoring finding detrimental levels uncommon and a study showing zero to 12 percent disturbance with steep-slope methods. But it names soil disturbance in combination with other activities as a substantive issue, admits monitoring hasn't occurred recently in the area, and gives no existing or projected disturbance figures after 16,052 acres of harvest since 2006 in Table 7. So closeness to the 15 percent limit can't be checked.
The agency’s words, the record and the law +Hide the words
The agency says
“Because the proposed action includes design criteria protecting soil health and would be implemented consistent with Forest Plan standards and best management practices, it would not result in loss of long-term soil productivity or exceed regulatory thresholds.”
Soil Productivity
Elsewhere in the same document
“Soil disturbance monitoring has not occurred recently in the project area.”
Soil Productivity
“Concern was raised that the proposed action, in conjunction with past activities in the project area, could cause detrimental soil disturbance levels to approach this threshold in some areas.”
Soil Productivity
The law
“Resource plans and permits, contracts, and other instruments for the use and occupancy of National Forest System lands shall be consistent with the land management plans.” National Forest Management Act, 16 U.S.C. 1604(i) ↗
EffectsNot fully backedLower wildfire risk will prevent enough future weed spread to outweigh the weed increase the project causes.
The agency cites a study that severely burned forests are prone to invasion. It quantifies the project's side: priority weeds from 29 to as high as 56 acres in five years, and non-priority weeds from about 2,300 to as many as 4,400 acres. It never estimates how many weed acres lower fire risk would avoid, so the weighing has nothing on the other side.
The agency’s words, the record +Hide the words
The agency says
“With implementation of proposed weed control measures, this positive effect of fire hazard reduction would be expected to outweigh the potential harm.”
Non-native Invasive Plants
Elsewhere in the same document
“Non-priority species could increase to as many as 4,400 acres.”
Non-native Invasive Plants
“Design criteria described starting on p. 16, including avoidance of areas infested with priority weed species, cleaning of equipment, prompt reporting of new infestations, and control actions, are expected to reduce but not eliminate the potential for additional infestation.”
Non-native Invasive Plants
EffectsNot fully backedCultural resources, including tribal sacred sites, will be protected by avoidance.
The agency has finished inventory and consultation on 18,219 acres in the north, with 16 areas to protect by avoidance and a finding of no adverse effect. It commits that implementation won't occur until inventory and Section 106 consultation are complete, under a phased approach allowed by a 2019 programmatic agreement. Still, inventory in the southern part, which makes up most of the National Forest acres, is in progress, its protection measures aren't written yet, and tribal consultation on sacred sites is ongoing, so protection there can't be confirmed from this text.
The agency’s words, the record and the law +Hide the words
The agency says
“Identified cultural resources would be protected from adverse impacts by avoidance during project implementation.”
Relevant Executive Orders
Elsewhere in the same document
“Inventory of historic properties and Section 106 consultation have been completed on 18,219 acres in the northern part of the project area, resulting in 16 areas to protect (see p. 17).”
Heritage and Cultural Resources
“Similar measures will be developed for the southern part of the project area before project implementation (see p. 27).”
Heritage Resources Protection
The law
“shall take into account the effect of the undertaking on any historic property.” National Historic Preservation Act, 54 U.S.C. 306108 ↗
What the document never analyzes
Not analyzedClimate and carbon effects
The project would burn up to 46,073 acres and harvest thousands of acres of mostly mature pine, yet emissions are discussed only for Clean Air Act smoke compliance.
Searched all 45 pages for ‘climate’, ‘carbon’, ‘greenhouse’. None appear.
Not analyzedGroundwater and spring flows
The area has 185 springs, 195 wetlands and a limestone plateau, yet the water analysis covers only surface streams and sediment.
Searched all 45 pages for ‘groundwater’, ‘aquifer’, ‘recharge’. None appear.
Where its own record backs the agency
AuthorityThe National Forest Management Act and Forest Plan allow commercial harvest on lands unsuitable for timber production to meet non-timber goals.Why it holds +
The document cites 36 CFR 219.14 and the Forest Plan for allowing unscheduled harvest on unsuitable lands to meet multiple-use goals. Table 20 ties 1,188 of the 1,649 acres to fire hazard, old growth and aspen goals. For the 461 acres of restrictive topography, the table points back to the purpose and need, which includes fire hazard reduction, meadow restoration and other non-timber goals. It also says advanced logging would make harvest feasible there. A reader may want a clearer tie for those 461 acres, but the legal point the claim makes is supported.
The agency says
“While the Forest Plan identifies certain lands as “unsuitable,” NFMA and the Forest Plan allow unscheduled commercial harvests on such sites, including low-productivity areas and old-growth landscapes, to achieve multiple-use objectives like hazardous fuels reduction.”
National Forest Management Act
Its own record backs it
“Eleven percent of the project area consists of forest considered to be unsuitable for timber production (Forest Plan Appendix G-1).”
Timber Production
EffectsThe project would lower fire hazard compared with doing nothing.Why it holds +
Table 19 shows very high hazard falling from 4 to 3 percent of pine acreage and high hazard from 27 to 15 percent, with medium rising from 66 to 82 percent. The existing ratings leave out recent wind-damage fuels, so the baseline may understate hazard, but the document's own figures back the direction of the claim.
The agency says
“The proposed action would decrease fire hazard as compared to the effects of taking no action (Table 19).”
Fire Hazard
Its own record backs it
“Approximately four percent of pine acres in the project area are currently rated as having very high fire hazard.”
Fire Hazard
“These figures are based on verified stand structural stage and size class but do not account for scattered areas of hazardous fuels created by recent wind damage, especially in the southern part of the project area.”
Fire Hazard
EffectsWater quality will see no more than minimal changes in temperature and sediment.Why it holds +
The agency cites monitoring reports showing best management practices generally prevent or minimize road sediment, notes aquatic management zone buffers, and plans 16 miles of road closures. The baseline supports low risk: three main watersheds are functioning properly, no streams are listed as impaired, and 97 percent of stream miles are ephemeral or intermittent.
The agency says
“With full implementation of project-specific design features, Forest Plan standards and guidelines, watershed conservation practices, and best management practices, the proposed action would be expected to cause no more than minimal changes to water temperature, sedimentation, and sediment yields.”
Water Quality
Its own record backs it
“Proposed road construction, improvement, and maintenance would be conducted in accordance with best management practices, which have been shown to generally prevent sedimentation or reduce it to negligible levels (USDA Forest Service 2020, 2026b).”
Water Quality
“No streams in the project area are listed as impaired by the State of South Dakota.”
Water Quality
How this was read
Read from the agency’s own decision document ↗, all 45 pages. Every quote is checked word for word against it, a claim marked contradicted stands on a quote from the same document, and a second reading argued the agency’s side of every verdict before it was published. The verdicts are our reading; the quotes are the agency’s. A court can set aside agency action it finds “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law” (5 U.S.C. 706(2)(A) ↗), which is why these gaps are worth putting in the record.
In the agency’s own words
The Roby Forest Management Project proposes timber harvest, fuel reduction, prescribed fire, road improvements, meadow restoration, and riparian restoration activities.
The groups on this fight
4 groups predicted likely to care in South Dakota and Wyoming
Predicted likely to care is a guess from the group's sourced work in South Dakota and Wyoming, with no link to this decision. Give straight to them; nothing routes through us.
- Badlands Natural History Association
Predicted likely to care · a guess
Works South Dakota: They work only in South Dakota.
- Wind Cave National Park Friends Group
Predicted likely to care · a guess
Works South Dakota: They work only in South Dakota.
- Wyoming Outdoor Council
Predicted likely to care · a guess
Red Desert (Wyoming BLM), Wyoming: Leading opposition to BLM's 2025 reopening of the just-finalized Rock Springs RMP, with program director Alec Underwood arguing the Golden Triangle and Big Sandy Foothills are too special to lease and develop.
- Wyoming Wilderness Association
Predicted likely to care · a guess
Red Desert (Wyoming BLM), Wyoming: Engaged in the Rock Springs RMP revision since 2011, submitting formal comments and coalition advocacy for roughly 1.6 million acres of ACEC protections across the Red Desert.
Every group above is on STAND for Public Lands, with its court record, its filings and who backs it.
Who signs it
PLAN hasn’t read a signer into its record for this fight. The decision on file carries the signature: RobyEA-FONSI-Final-Signed ↗.
The ground
The window has closed, so there’s no watch to set on it here.
The photograph on this page: The stone lookout on Black Elk Peak, Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota. More Than Just Parks.
In court on this ground
No court case we track is over Black Hills National Forest.
Who holds the vote
PLAN’s record doesn’t tie a member of Congress to this fight yet. The scorecard grades the votes and bills that decide public lands; nothing joins a vote or a bill to this decision, so there’s no member to name here without guessing.
See how your members vote ↗Forest ServiceWe track this on the agency’s own system of record, where most on-the-ground decisions live.
On the record for this fight
1 person told us they filed on this fight through PLAN; we haven’t found that letter on the agency’s record yet.
- Karen W.54 seals
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